# 沪教版（牛津上海版）1-5 年级英语：语法体系 + 阅读方法与拓展

> 用途：孩子英语「语法不熟练」时，按年级定位语法点，用中文通俗讲解 + 例句 + 口诀，讲完出同类型题测试。
> 五年级单元词汇（含音标）与课文详解见 `grade5_workbooks.md` 及 `workbooks_ocr/wb_english_full.txt`。

## 一、分年级语法进度（牛津上海版）

### 一年级（口语渗透为主，不考语法术语）
- I'm... / This is... / What's this? It's a... / 简单指令（Stand up. Sit down.）
- 数字 1-10、颜色、水果、动物、身体部位、玩具等主题词。
- 批改尺度：只看单词认读、抄写、简单问答匹配，不讲语法规则。

### 二年级
- **be 动词 am/is/are 初步**：I am... / He is... / They are...
- 指示代词 this/that；冠词 a/an（元音音标开头用 an：an apple, an egg）。
- What colour...? / How old...? / Is this...? Yes, it is. / No, it isn't.
- 方位介词初步：in / on / under。

### 三年级
- **人称代词主格**：I / you / he / she / it / we / they；**形容词性物主代词**：my / your / his / her / its / our / their。
- **名词单复数**（规则变化：+s / +es；常见不规则：man→men, child→children）。
- be 动词完整用法口诀：**我用 am，你用 are，is 跟着他她它，复数统统都用 are**。
- 疑问词：What / Who / Where / How many + 复数名词。
- can 表能力：I can swim. Can you...? Yes, I can.
- have/has 初步：I have... / She has...

### 四年级
- **there be 句型**：There is + 单数/不可数，There are + 复数；**就近原则**（There is a pen and two books...看最近的名词）。
- **一般现在时（第三人称单数）**：He get**s** up at six. 动词加 s/es 规则；否定 doesn't + 动词原形，疑问 Does he...?
- **现在进行时**：am/is/are + doing（现在正在做）；标志词 now, look, listen。
- 名词所有格：Danny's kite；some/any（肯定 some，否定疑问 any）。
- 频度副词：always / usually / sometimes / never。
- 情态动词 must / may / can；祈使句与 Don't...。
- 疑问词扩展：Whose / Which / Why / When / What time。

### 五年级
- 五上：**人称代词宾格**（me/him/her/us/them）；**名词性物主代词**（mine/yours/his/hers/ours/theirs，后面不加名词）；一般现在时熟练运用；**一般将来时 be going to / will**；would like；enough；比较级初步（-er）。
- 五下：**一般过去时**（was/were；动词规则 +ed 与常见不规则 went/saw/had/did/came/ate）；标志词 yesterday, last week, ...ago；used to 感知；一般过去时疑问 Did you...? + 动词原形。
- 可数/不可数名词：much + 不可数，many + 可数；a lot of 都可以；a glass of water 量词结构。

## 二、核心语法专题精讲（错哪讲哪）

### 1. be 动词 vs 实义动词（最高频错误）
- 一句话只能有一个"主角动词"：❌ He is play football. → ✅ He plays football. / He is playing football.
- 判断法：句子里有动作（play/read/go）就不要 be；只是"是、在"才用 be。

### 2. 三单口诀
- **主语三单（他/她/它/单个人名），动词加 s**；变疑问/否定，**does 出场，动词还原**。
- ❌ Does she likes...? → ✅ Does she like...?（does 已经带走了 s）

### 3. 时态对照表（判断标志词）
| 时态 | 结构 | 标志词 | 例句 |
|------|------|--------|------|
| 一般现在 | V / V-s | always, usually, every day | He goes to school every day. |
| 现在进行 | am/is/are + V-ing | now, look!, listen! | They are playing now. |
| 一般将来 | be going to / will + V原 | tomorrow, next week | I'm going to visit Grandma tomorrow. |
| 一般过去 | V-ed / 不规则 | yesterday, last..., ...ago | We went to the park yesterday. |

- 做时态题三步：**① 找标志词 → ② 定时态 → ③ 按主语配动词形式**。

### 4. 代词一张表（三五年级必熟）
| 主格 | 宾格 | 形物代 | 名物代 |
|------|------|--------|--------|
| I | me | my | mine |
| you | you | your | yours |
| he | him | his | his |
| she | her | her | hers |
| it | it | its | its |
| we | us | our | ours |
| they | them | their | theirs |
- 用法口诀：**主格放句首做主语，宾格放动词/介词后，形物代后必须跟名词，名物代单独用**。

### 5. 单复数与 a/an/some/any
- 变复数：一般 +s；s/x/ch/sh 结尾 +es；辅音+y 变 ies（baby→babies）；f/fe 变 ves（knife→knives）；不规则背：man→men, woman→women, child→children, foot→feet, tooth→teeth, sheep→sheep, fish→fish。
- an + 元音**音**开头（an hour ✅，a university ✅——听音不看字母）。

### 6. there be vs have
- "某地有某物"用 there be；"某人拥有"用 have/has。
- ❌ My school has there is a library. → ✅ There is a library in my school. / My school has a library.

## 三、英语阅读方法与拓展内容

### 阅读做题法（和语文相通）
1. 先读题目选项，圈关键词（人名/数字/时间）。
2. 回原文**定位**关键词，答案就在附近（判断题注意 not、only 等小词）。
3. 生词不慌：跳过不影响做题的；影响做题的用上下文猜（构词：un-, -er, -ful）。

### 拓展阅读内容（按水平选层）
- 1-2 年级：图画词汇书、简单儿歌（Old MacDonald 等）、Oxford Reading Tree 1-3 级。
- 3 年级：RAZ D-F / 牛津树 4-6；主题短文（My Family, My Day, Animals）。
- 4 年级：RAZ G-I / 牛津树 6-8；简单绘本故事（Frog and Toad 类）。
- 5 年级：RAZ J-M / 牛津树 8-9；《新教材全解》课文（OCR 全文在 `workbooks_ocr/wb_english_full.txt`，可按单元取原文出题）。
- 自编拓展短文规范：60-120 词（三年级）/ 100-150 词（五年级），只用已学词汇+3 个以内注释生词，后附 3-5 道理解题（判断 T/F + 选择 + 一道回答问题）。

## 四、批改与出题规范

1. 语法错题必须说清三件事：**错在哪条规则 → 规则口诀/表格 → 改正后的完整句子**。
2. 例句必须贴近课本主题（学校/家庭/动物/食物/天气），单词不超纲。
3. 同类型练习 2-3 道：同一语法点换主语/换动词/换标志词；五年级可加 1 道"改错句"。
4. 单词错误：给音标（可查 `grade5_workbooks.md` 词表）、拆音节记忆法（如 to-mor-row）。

## 五、分册 Module/Unit 目录（牛津上海版 1-4，2024 版）

> 用途：讲题/出题时定位孩子课本第几册第几单元（牛津上海课标版，五四制）。五年级见 `grade5_workbooks.md`。

- **1A**：M1 Getting to know you（U1 Greetings / U2 My classmates / U3 My face）｜ M2 Me,my family and friends（U1 My abilities / U2 My family / U3 My friends）｜ M3 Places and activities（U1 In the classroom / U2 In the fruit shop / U3 In the restaurant）｜ M4 The natural world（U1 On the farm / U2 In the zoo / U3 In the park）
- **1B**：M1 Using my five senses（Look and see / Listen and hear / Taste and smell）｜ M2 My favourite things（Toys I like / Food I like / Drinks I like）｜ M3 Things around us（Seasons / Weather / Clothes）｜ M4 Things we do（Activities / New Year's Day / Story time）
- **2A**：M1 Getting to know you（Hello / I'm Danny / A new classmate）｜ M2 Me,my family and friends（I can swim / That's my family / My hair is short）｜ M3 Places and activities（In the children's garden / In my room / In the kitchen）｜ M4 The natural world（In the sky / In the forest / In the street）
- **2B**：M1 Using my five senses（What can you see? / Touch and feel / What can you hear?）｜ M2 My favourite things（Things I like doing / My favourite food / Animals I like）｜ M3 Things around us（The four seasons / Rules / My clothes）｜ M4 More things to learn（Activities / Mother's Day / Story time）
- **3A**：M1 Getting to know you（How are you? / What's your name? / How old are you?）｜ M2 Me,my family and friends（My friends / My family / About me）｜ M3 Places and activities（My school / Shopping / In the park）｜ M4 The natural world（Insects / On the farm / Plants）
- **3B**：M1 Using my five senses（Seeing and hearing / Touching and feeling / Tasting and smelling）｜ M2 My favourite things（Animals / Toys / Clothes）｜ M3 Things around us（Shapes / Colours / Seasons）｜ M4 More things to learn（My body / Children's Day / Story time）
- **4A**：M1 Getting to know you（Meeting new people / Abilities / How do you feel?）｜ M2 Me,my family and friends（Jill's family / Jobs / I have a friend）｜ M3 Places and activities（In our school / Around my home / In the shop）｜ M4 The natural world（A visit to a farm / At Century Park / Weather）
- **4B**：M1 Using my five senses（What can you smell and taste? / How does it feel? / Look at the shadow!）｜ M2-M4：My favourite things / Things around us / More things to learn（具体单元以课本为准）